He received his BA in physics from Cambridge University in 1965 and his PhD in geography from McMaster University in 1969. His research and teaching interests focus on geographic information science, including uncertainty in geographic information, discrete global grids, and volunteered geographic information. He was elected member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 2002, and Foreign Member of the Royal Society, and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy in 2010. He is Hagler Fellow and has published over 600 books and articles.